職稱英語《衛(wèi)生B》專項試題及答案(2)

part C

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Medical Education

In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.

Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.

In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私營的 ) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (開業(yè)醫(yī)師) that survive to this day.

By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1,424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(聯(lián)絡(luò)) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship ( 實習(xí)期 ) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.

1. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.

A. did not exist

B. were few in number

C. were better than those in Europe

D. were known for their teaching hospitals

2. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.

A. had established professionals

B. had good facilities

C. had high standards

D. were in poor conditions

3. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.

A. recruit more students

B. set up more schools of medicine

C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice

D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits

4. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.

A. if they have worked in a laboratory

B. if they have studied abroad for some time

C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree

D. if they have passed an examination

5. This passage is mainly about __________.

A. how medicine is taught in America

B. how medical education has developed in America

C. how the American educational system works

D. how one can become a good doctor

答案與解析

part A

1. C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究的目標(biāo)是發(fā)現(xiàn)新的 *** 來 __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此項研究的goal，即aim，這便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。

2. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究者收集了下列東西，除了 __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第四段。第四項應(yīng)該是“參加研究的婦女及其嬰兒家中的空氣與水等物質(zhì)”，而

不是“醫(yī)院中的空氣與水”。

3. A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：通過研究，國家的醫(yī)療費用期望可以 __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第六段，即預(yù)計從長遠(yuǎn)的角度講，此項研究將有利于節(jié)約國家衛(wèi)生保健費用的開支。

4. B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：參與者的嬰兒會被跟蹤調(diào)查 __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短。文的倒數(shù)第三段，即這些嬰兒將從出生前一直被跟蹤到21歲。

5. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列關(guān)于研究參與者的說法哪一項是不正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段。前三項在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四項是錯誤的，因為研究對象都是懷孕的婦女，不可能是所有年齡段的人們。

part B

1. A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：為什么遠(yuǎn)古的火山爆發(fā)比近期的火山爆發(fā)破壞性更大?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到之一段：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出的二氧化碳更能輕易地毀滅生命。

2. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Wignall是如何計算出遠(yuǎn)古火山爆發(fā)的殺傷力的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the“killing efficiency”for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.(他通過比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷力)。

3. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：恐龍是什么時候滅絕的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段。其中有這么一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.(他沒有提及6500萬年前恐龍的滅絕，因為許多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響)。

4. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：從第三段還可以推導(dǎo)出有關(guān)恐龍的什么樣的信息?在討論第三題的答案時，我們已經(jīng)注意到了，Wignall沒有提6500萬年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發(fā)有關(guān)，因為許多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說明，關(guān)于恐龍滅絕的原因在科學(xué)家之間是有爭議的。

5. B。主旨題。問題問的是：文章的主要論點是什么?答案在文章的之一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破壞力)。

part C

1. B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在18世紀(jì)的美國，教授醫(yī)學(xué)的'高等學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)構(gòu) __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章之一段，可知在18世紀(jì)的美國，醫(yī)學(xué)院校寥寥無幾。如果有人想當(dāng)醫(yī)生，就要跟專業(yè)人員私下學(xué)，或者出國學(xué)習(xí)。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式開設(shè)醫(yī)學(xué)課程。

2. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：最初多數(shù)的私營醫(yī)學(xué)院 __________。利用題目順序與段落順序一致的原則和題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的私營醫(yī)學(xué)院校大都標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不高，設(shè)備較差。

3. C。細(xì)節(jié)題：AMA and AAMC設(shè)立了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便 __________。利用題干中的專有名詞可以定位到文章第二段的最后一句，即AMA與AAM制訂了一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以保證醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)與實踐的質(zhì)量。

4. D。細(xì)節(jié)題。經(jīng)過一年實習(xí)的畢業(yè)生可以開始 __________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章的最后一段，即醫(yī)學(xué)畢業(yè)生經(jīng)過一年的實習(xí)期后，要通過州或國家的相關(guān)考試，方可獲取行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。

5. B。主旨題。題干：這篇文章主要是關(guān)于 __________。從文章的題目和內(nèi)容可知，全文重點探討的是美國醫(yī)學(xué)教育的歷史沿革。

職稱英語理工類閱讀判斷專項試題及答案(2)

練習(xí)：

1.The country says that the investment of US $14 million is big enough for developing that country’s chip industry.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

2.That country gives top priorities to developing chips for military purposes.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

3.Although the licensing fees are not very high, that Far Eastern country cannot afford to pay.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

4.Many western countries ban the exporting of the most advanced chip-making technologies to that country to prevent them from being used for military purposes.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

5.Currently, almost all the flagship chipmakers in that country are owned by American investors.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

6.Mainstream chip production technology develop rapidly.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

7.More than 10 chip plants being built in that country are an example of self-reliance.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

答案與題解：

1.B　本題給出的信息是錯誤的。最后一段說到，如果新建的芯片中心能在改善該國在芯片行業(yè)的被動形勢中起重要作用，該國認(rèn)為：“... the US $14 million investment is still rather *** all”。

2.C　文章沒有提供這方面的信息。

3.B　文章提到專利費較高，此句說較低，與原意不符。

4.A　本題給出的信息是正確的。第二段有這樣一句話：Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes.這就是選A的依據(jù)。

5.C　文章沒有提供這方面的信息。

6.A　選A的依據(jù)是第三段之一句：... mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years ...

7.B　本題給出的信息是錯誤的。第四段第二句說明，這些芯片工廠的技術(shù)主要是從日本和新加坡進(jìn)口的。

譯文：微芯片研究中心成立

為了開發(fā)先進(jìn)的微芯片生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，這個遠(yuǎn)東國家建立了一個研究中心，該中心啟動資金為一千四百萬美元，可以幫助該國開發(fā)自己的芯片工業(yè)，不必總是依賴于進(jìn)口技術(shù)。

該中心將會應(yīng)用自己的研究技術(shù)和設(shè)施，為本國芯片廠家開發(fā)新技術(shù)。這個國家名列首位的芯片制造公司說，芯片中心的成立可能使這個國家擺脫從他國購買即將淘汰的.技術(shù)的困境。由于許多外國 *** 擔(dān)心先進(jìn)技術(shù)會被用于軍事目的，不允許這個國家的芯片生產(chǎn)廠家進(jìn)口前沿技術(shù)，所以這些生產(chǎn)廠家處于一種被動局面。另外，由于這些芯片生產(chǎn)廠家必須向技術(shù)提供者支付高額的許可費，這也構(gòu)成了他們決定要自力更生的一個重要原因。

由于主流芯片生產(chǎn)技術(shù)每隔 3～5年就要進(jìn)行更新?lián)Q代，所以掌握了新技術(shù)的廠家就可以以較低的成本制造出較好的芯片，而那些耗費數(shù)十億美元建立起的廠家，如果設(shè)備落后，也將會被生產(chǎn)商所淘汰。

幾個芯片廠正在建立之中，每個廠的造價都在幾百萬美元，其中大部分資金都流向了海外設(shè)備商和技術(shù)所有者——主要是日本和新加坡。

如果新建的芯片中心能在改變該國芯片行業(yè)的被動形勢中起到重要作用，該國承認(rèn)，一千四百萬美元的投資仍是微不足道的。該國正在開發(fā)綜合技術(shù)，大部分投資將用于與技術(shù)和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)所有者建立聯(lián)盟。

Text three

The Biology of Music

Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.

What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1

Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?

If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.

Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they don’t automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand，sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.

By studying the physical effects of music on the body，scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. That’s why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone’s mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa)， it may be a way of showing off.

However, Miller’s theory still doesn’t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists，this is clearly an area that needs further research.

詞匯：

automatically .自動地

note 音符

stroke 中風(fēng)

注釋：

1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了樂器，而動物則不能。Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科學(xué)家們正在研發(fā)新藥用以治療癌癥。

練習(xí)：

1.Humans, but not animals, can sing.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

5.It’s hard for humans to compose music.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.

A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned

答案與題解：

1.B　第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些動物會唱歌，而不只人類會唱歌。

2.A　第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions.這句清楚表明，人們可以用音樂來表達(dá)情感。

3.B　第四段說明：科學(xué)證明人們用大腦的不同區(qū)域處理語言和音樂。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子進(jìn)一步說明人腦處理語言和音樂的位置不同，Shebalin中風(fēng)以后不能講話也聽不懂別人的話，但他卻能創(chuàng)作樂曲。

4.A　第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.這句說明Miller對音樂和愛(情感)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究，他得出的結(jié)論是：音樂和愛有密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。

5.C　文中沒有提及創(chuàng)作樂曲是否困難。

6.B　第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句說明必須具備好的記憶力記音符才能唱得符合調(diào)子。

7.A　最后一段講的是：科學(xué)家們需要做更多的研究才能解釋為什么有些聲音影響我們的情感會如此之深。也就是說，科學(xué)家不能全部解釋音樂對人類的影響。

譯文：音樂生物學(xué)

人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么?它又是如何起到神奇的效果?科學(xué)界還沒有給出答案。

哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物?一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當(dāng)然一些動物會唱歌 (并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽) ，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。

音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達(dá)——尤其是情感。當(dāng)音樂與歌曲中的語言結(jié)合在一起的時候，它就是一種強(qiáng)有力的表達(dá)方式。但是，從生物學(xué)來講，音樂是什么?

如果音樂與語言真的不同，那么我們應(yīng)該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內(nèi)對音樂和語言進(jìn)行加工處理，科學(xué)證據(jù)也證實了這一點。

有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是，他們不會自動地丟失音樂才能。比如，維沙翁·舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953 年得了中風(fēng)。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風(fēng)有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌蛘f話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。

通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應(yīng)，科學(xué)家也了解到許多關(guān)于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強(qiáng)烈的影響?這是一個更難回答的問題。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的研究員杰弗里·米勒認(rèn)為音樂和愛有緊密的關(guān)，音樂需要特殊才能、練習(xí)和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調(diào)唱歌或者彈奏樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當(dāng)一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(反之亦然) 音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。

然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結(jié)合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學(xué)家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領(lǐng)域。

職稱英語衛(wèi)生類a級全真模擬試卷及答案(7)

C: lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

D: still consider lead pollution a problem

答案:D

解析:

推理題。題干 福建職稱英語面試真題答案：通過最后一段能推測出什么?

最后一段提到福建職稱英語面試真題答案了兩項研究說明某些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對大氣污染福建職稱英語面試真題答案的減少給出福建職稱英語面試真題答案了快速福建職稱英語面試真題答案的回應(yīng)，

但是這并不能作為進(jìn)一步污染行為的許可證。因此D正確，

科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為鉛污染是個問題。

(41) 根據(jù)下面材料，回答題。

It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. We'll knowwhere we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is theresomething instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe isexpanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even havedeveloped theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the timeit was a fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decades, thesetheories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. We will have abetter understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures andpressures of the early universe.

We'll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. In 19th century operas, when the *** ecoughs in the first act, the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. But thanksto 20th century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothingmore serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and theway cells work at the molecular level, many serious diseases--cancer, for one- will becomeless threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses, doctors will be able to replacecancer causing damaged DNA

with healthy genes, probably administered by a pill or injection.

We'll live longer (120 years?) If the normal aging process is basically a furious, invisiblecontest in our cells- a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair thatdamage- then 21st century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reversethe process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live ina world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold onlyso many people?

Where would new ideas come from? What would we do with all that extra time?

We'll "manage" Earth. In the next millennium, well stop talking about the weather but willdo something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity onthe Earth,its climate and its ecosystems. And with that knowledge will come an increasingwillingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.

We'll have "a brain road map". This is the real "final frontier" of the 21st century: The brainis the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons (roughly thenumber of stars in the Milky Way), each connected to as many as 1,000 others. Early in thenext century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to producedetailed maps of the neurons in operation. We'll be able to say with certainty which ones areworking when you read a word, when you say a word, when you think about a word, and soon.

The sentence "In 19th century operas, when the *** e coughs in the first act, the audienceknows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3" means__________.

A: there was not antibiotics at that timeB: tuberculosis was a terrible disease that couldn't be cured during 19th centuryC: the health of the *** e was very poorD: this was a common situation in the 19th century operas

答案:B

解析:

細(xì)節(jié)題。題干 ：句子“在19世紀(jì)的戲劇中，如果女主角在之一幕開始咳嗽，

觀眾們就會知道在第三幕時會因為肺結(jié)核而死去” 的意思是__________。

第二段說如果女主角在之一幕中咳嗽的話，觀眾便會知道她將在第三幕中因肺結(jié)核而死

。接著說這種病0nce dreaded和once incurable

disease，即“那樣可怕的不治之癥”?？芍狟正確。

(42) It will become easy to cure some serious diseases because__________.

A: scientists will crack the genetic code

B: "therapeutic" viruses will be used

C: healthy genes will be used to replace cancer causing damaged DNA

D: all of the above

答案:D

解析:

推理題。題干 ：治療一些嚴(yán)重的疾病會變得很容易，因為__________。A、B、C

在第三段都提到這一點，因此選D。

(43) According to the passage, the normal aging process is__________.

A: a process in which people become older and older

B: a contest that can be seen

C: a long process of struggling

D: a fight between damaging DNA and preparing the damage

答案:D